Franz Boas, Race and Democratic Society (1945), a collection of essays ranging over many years, and his uncollected essay "The Real Race Problem," Crisis I (Nov. I9I0): 22-25; Randolph Bourne, "Americanism," New Republic, 23 Sept. 1916, 197, and "Americans in the Making," New Republic, 2 Feb. 1918, 30-32; Horace M. Kallen, Culture and Democracy in the United States (1924); and Isaac Berkson, Tbeories of Americanization (1920). This last, which I have decided not to consider here, is probably the most elaborate statement of the pluralist position.

At least two works by Josiah Royce bear directly on the questions discussed in this chapter: the essays collected under the title Race Questions, Provincialism, and Other American Problems (1908) and The Pbilosophy ofLoyalty (1908). Both these books originated as lectures to lay audiences. Royce, like William James, gave many such lectures; their refusal to speak exclusively on technical subjects to an audience composed exclusively of professional colleagues—their insistence that philosophy had something to say about the conduct of daily life—was one of the most admirable and characteristic aspects of their work.

On Mencken, see Robert Morss Lovett, "An Interpretation of American Life," Dial 9 (June 1925): 515-18; Edmund Wilson, "H. L. Mencken," New Republic, I June I92I, 10-13; Walter Lippmann, "H. L. Mencken," Saturday Review of Literature, II Dec. 1926, 413-14, and "The Near Machiavelli," New Republic, 31 May 1922, 12-14; André LeVot, F. Scott Fitzgerald (1983); writings by Mencken himself, including "Katzenjammer," American Mercury 7 (1926): 125-26; "Mencken on Mencken" (1923), in Henry M. Christman, ed., One Hundred Years of the Nation: A Centennial Anthology (1965), 136-39; "On Living in the United States," Nation, 7 Dec. 1921, 655-56; and Notes on Democracy (1926); and the following secondary works: Edgar Kemler, The Irreverent Mr. Mencken (1950); Carl Bode, Mencken (1969); Fred C. Hobson, Jr., Serpent in Eden: H. L. Mencken and the South (1974); and Edward A. Martin, H. L. Mencken and the Debunkers (1984). Other works mentioned in connection with the postwar reaction against progressivism include "Confessions of an Educator," New Republic, 18 Aug. 1926, 356-58; Frederick Tupper, "Parables of the Democratic Mob," Unpopular Review 3 (1915): 43-60; "Progressivism vs. Democracy," New Republic, 27 May 1925, 5-7; "What To Do with the Doughtys?" Nation, 9 Jan. 1924, 26; "Coolidge," Nation, 18 June 1924, 696; and Matthew Josephson, "On Liberty," New Republic, 10 Sept. 1930, 104-5.

Walter Lippmann wrote about public opinion, with increasing skepticism, in "A Test of the News" (with Charles Merz), New Republic, Aug. 1920 (special supplement); Liberty and the News (1920); Public Opinion (1922); and The Phantom Public (1925). Ronald Steel's biography, Walter Lippmann and the American Century (1980), is exhaustive. John Dewey reviewed the last two books in Lippmann's series in "Public Opinion," New Republic, 3 May 1922, 286-88, and "Practical Democracy," New Republic, 2 Dec. 1925, 52-54. He advanced a counterargument in The Public and Its Problems (1927). See also his Individualism, Old and New (1930); Liberalism and Social Action (1935); and several articles: "Progress" (1916), in Characters and Events 2 (1929): 820-30; "The American Intellectual Frontier," New Republic, 10 May 1922, 303-5;

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